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Peptide science and evidence guide

What has actually been studied, what remains uncertain, and where the evidence comes from.

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Evidence boundary

Research context is not a treatment recommendation

Peptide names can refer to endogenous molecules, research compounds, approved drug ingredients, compounded preparations, or products with uncertain identity. Evidence for one form, route, dose, population, or indication does not automatically transfer to another.

This library does not diagnose, establish suitability, confirm availability, or replace an in-person medical evaluation. Last evidence review: July 29, 2026.

01
Regulatory and preclinical review

BPC-157

Gastrointestinal injury and repair biology

What the research examines

Most frequently cited BPC-157 findings come from laboratory and animal models. FDA reviewed BPC-157-related bulk substances for a proposed ulcerative-colitis use during the July 2026 compounding advisory process.

What it does not establish

This evidence does not establish BPC-157 as an FDA-approved drug or prove benefit for tendon, muscle, joint, recovery, or general wellness uses in people.

Read the sources FDA evaluation of BPC-157-related bulk drug substances U.S. Food and Drug Administration - 2026
02
Regulatory and preclinical review

TB-500

Wound-healing research and product identity

What the research examines

FDA reviewed TB-500-related bulk substances for a proposed wound-healing use. The review addresses characterization, historical compounding, available effectiveness evidence, and safety concerns.

What it does not establish

Research involving thymosin beta-4 or related fragments cannot automatically be treated as evidence for every product sold as TB-500. Product identity, formulation, route, and human outcomes matter.

Read the sources FDA evaluation of TB-500-related bulk drug substances U.S. Food and Drug Administration - 2026
03
Cell and animal research

KPV

Inflammatory signaling, intestinal cells, and wound-healing questions

What the research examines

Published work has examined KPV in human-derived cell lines and mouse colitis models, including effects on inflammatory signaling. FDA separately reviewed KPV-related bulk substances for wound-healing and inflammatory-condition nominations.

What it does not establish

Cell and animal findings are not the same as evidence from controlled clinical trials in patients. They do not establish a dose, route, safety profile, or proven clinical benefit.

Read the sources PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation Gastroenterology via PubMed - 2008FDA evaluation of KPV-related bulk drug substances U.S. Food and Drug Administration - 2026
04
Preclinical and observational human research

MOTS-c

Mitochondrial signaling and metabolic physiology

What the research examines

MOTS-c was identified as a mitochondrial-derived peptide in metabolic research. Animal experiments and human observational or exercise studies have examined endogenous MOTS-c levels and metabolic signaling.

What it does not establish

Observing an endogenous peptide or an animal response does not prove that administering a compounded product causes weight loss, improves energy, or treats metabolic disease in patients.

Read the sources The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis Cell Metabolism via PubMed - 2015Acute endurance exercise stimulates mitochondrial-derived peptides in humans Journal of Applied Physiology via PubMed - 2021FDA evaluation of MOTS-c-related bulk drug substances U.S. Food and Drug Administration - 2026
05
Regulatory evidence review

Semax

Neurologic uses evaluated in the FDA compounding review

What the research examines

FDA reviewed Semax-related bulk substances for nominated uses involving cerebral ischemia, migraine, and trigeminal neuralgia, including available effectiveness and safety information.

What it does not establish

The advisory review does not establish FDA approval, product availability, or benefit for focus, memory, brain fog, or other consumer wellness claims.

Read the sources FDA evaluation of Semax-related bulk drug substances U.S. Food and Drug Administration - 2026
06
Regulatory evidence review

DSIP / Emideltide

Sleep disorders and opioid-withdrawal nominations

What the research examines

FDA reviewed emideltide, also called DSIP, for nominated uses involving chronic insomnia, narcolepsy, and opioid withdrawal. The briefing document evaluates the available literature and safety information.

What it does not establish

The name "sleep-inducing peptide" is not proof that an administered product improves sleep. The review does not establish approval, an effective regimen, or suitability for an individual patient.

Read the sources FDA evaluation of Emideltide / DSIP-related bulk drug substances U.S. Food and Drug Administration - 2026
07
Regulatory evidence review

Epitalon

Insomnia nomination and available supporting literature

What the research examines

FDA reviewed Epitalon-related bulk substances for a nominated insomnia use as part of the July 2026 compounding advisory process.

What it does not establish

That review does not establish an anti-aging effect, improved longevity, FDA approval, product availability, or a proven insomnia treatment.

Read the sources FDA evaluation of Epitalon-related bulk drug substances U.S. Food and Drug Administration - 2026
08
Limited indication-specific human evidence

Sermorelin

Growth-hormone-releasing-hormone physiology

What the research examines

Sermorelin is a synthetic analog of growth-hormone-releasing hormone. Published clinical literature largely concerns diagnostic testing and treatment of selected children with growth hormone deficiency.

What it does not establish

That literature does not automatically support adult anti-aging, sleep, recovery, body-composition, or performance claims. Population, indication, dose, and monitoring are not interchangeable.

Read the sources Sermorelin: review of diagnosis and treatment in children with idiopathic GH deficiency BioDrugs via PubMed - 1999
09
Early human pharmacology research

CJC-1295

Growth hormone and IGF-1 pharmacology in healthy adults

What the research examines

Small randomized, placebo-controlled studies in healthy adults examined how CJC-1295 changed growth hormone and IGF-1 concentrations and described short-term tolerability.

What it does not establish

A biomarker change is not proof of improved sleep, recovery, body composition, healthy aging, or long-term safety. These studies do not establish an FDA-approved indication.

Read the sources Prolonged stimulation of GH and IGF-I secretion by CJC-1295 in healthy adults Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism via PubMed - 2006
10
Product- and indication-specific clinical evidence

Tesamorelin

Excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV and lipodystrophy

What the research examines

Tesamorelin is the active ingredient in an FDA-approved prescription product for a narrow indication involving excess abdominal fat in adults with HIV and lipodystrophy. Clinical research also evaluates specific populations under defined protocols.

What it does not establish

The approved product is not indicated for general weight-loss management. Its evidence and labeling cannot be transferred automatically to a compounded product or a different population.

Read the sources EGRIFTA WR prescribing information U.S. Food and Drug Administration - 2025Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in obese subjects Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism via PubMed - 2012
11
Laboratory, skin-model, and review literature

GHK-Cu

Copper binding, fibroblast activity, extracellular matrix, and skin repair

What the research examines

GHK is a naturally occurring tripeptide that binds copper. Published literature has examined GHK-Cu in cell culture, animal wound models, skin-penetration models, and reviews of tissue-remodeling pathways.

What it does not establish

This literature does not establish that every topical, microneedling, injected, or systemic GHK-Cu product produces the same clinical result. Much of the evidence is not from controlled patient outcome trials.

Read the sources GHK peptide as a natural modulator of cellular pathways in skin regeneration BioMed Research International via NIH PMC - 2015GHK-Cu and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in fibroblast cultures Life Sciences via PubMed - 2000Human skin penetration of a copper tripeptide in vitro Skin Pharmacology and Physiology via PubMed - 2010
12
Product- and indication-specific clinical evidence

PT-141 / Bremelanotide

Acquired, generalized HSDD in premenopausal women

What the research examines

Bremelanotide is the active ingredient in an FDA-approved prescription product for acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women under specific labeling.

What it does not establish

The approval does not cover sexual-performance enhancement, men, postmenopausal women, or every compounded formulation. Approved and compounded products are not interchangeable.

Read the sources VYLEESI prescribing information U.S. Food and Drug Administration - 2020
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